en Educational Studies پژوهشي Original <p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:#669933;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="line-height:2;"><b>Objective:</b> The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of paradoxical therapy on rumination in students preparing for the university entrance exam.<br> <b>Methods</b>: This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest&ndash;posttest control group. The statistical population included all entrance-exam students residing in dormitories in Qom city during the 2023&ndash;2024 academic year. From this population, 30 students were selected through purposive random sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group (15 students in each). Research instrument included the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS; Nolen-Hoeksema & Morrow, 1991). The experimental group received paradoxical therapy in six sessions, each lasting up to 45 minutes and held biweekly, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 with univariate analysis of covariance.<br> <b>Results</b>: Findings showed a significant difference between the mean scores of ruminations in the experimental group at the posttest stage compared to the pretest. Paradoxical therapy explained more than 16% of the variance in posttest rumination scores.<br> <b>Conclusions</b>: Paradoxical therapy improved rumination in students preparing for the university entrance exam.</span></span></span></span></p> Paradox therapy, Rumination, College entrance examination students 0 0 http://ijer.hormozgan.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-381-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Mansoreh Karimi Ms.karimi.m.1989@gmail.com 10031947532846005223 0009-0002-3110-4980 No PhD student in counseling, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran Mohammad Ali Besharat besharat@ut.ac.ir 10031947532846005224 10031947532846005224 Yes Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Sharifirad Dr.sharifirad@gmail.com 10031947532846005225 10031947532846005225 No Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran